氧是众多生物赖以生存的首要条件，动物处于低氧环境时，机体的生化反应和生理功能也会相应发生改变，严重时可引起一系列机体损伤甚至死亡。低氧胁迫下的应激机制是涉及多基因参与的复杂的生理调控过程，与哺乳动物相比，甲壳动物的低氧应激与分子适应机制尚不明晰。本文分析了低氧胁迫产生原因，并从生理层面阐述了甲壳动物对低氧胁迫的应激反应和生理适应策略、以及低氧对甲壳动物的行为、存活、抗氧化能力和代谢的影响，又从HIF-1信号通路、AMPK信号通路以及细胞凋亡通路阐述了甲壳动物对低氧环境胁迫的分子响应机制。本文在总结低氧信号传导及其调控通路研究进展的基础上，提出了低氧胁迫对甲壳动物影响的预防和调控手段，包括选育耐低氧新品种和营养调控手段，以期为人们更深入地理解甲壳动物低氧应激和分子适应机制提供理论参考。

Oxygen is the most critical condition for animal’s life activities. When animals are exposed to hypoxia environment, the biochemical reaction and physiological function of the animals will correspondingly change, which can finally cause a series of metabolic disorders and damage to organisms or even death. Hypoxia stress mechanism is complex physiological regulation process involving multiple genes and regulated by fine-tuning. Hypoxia stress and molecular adaptation mechanism of crustaceans are unclear compared with mammals. In this paper, the causes of hypoxia stress were analyzed, and stress reacting process and physiological adaptation strategies of crustaceans in response to hypoxia, as well as the effects of hypoxia on behavior, survival, antioxidant ability, metabolic reaction, and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia stress of crustacean were described and reviewed. In addition, the molecular mechanism in response to hypoxia was discussed from HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1) signaling pathway, AMPK (adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway and apoptosis pathway. On this basis, the multiple measures are necessary to prevent and regulate negative effects of hypoxia stress, including the breeding hypoxia-resistant variety, and nutritional regulation. This paper may provide a theoretical reference for people to deeper understand the mechanism of hypoxia stress and molecular adaptation in crustaceans.

Q785;S966.1

国家自然科学基金(31402280, 31672633)；江苏省“六大人才高峰”资助项目(2017-NY-112)；现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-48)