研究在尼罗罗非鱼养殖池塘中添加复合乳杆菌对养殖池塘环境、尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃健康的影响，为乳杆菌在尼罗罗非鱼健康养殖中的应用提供基础。在尼罗罗非鱼养殖池塘水体中泼洒复合乳杆菌(对照组：0；实验组：1.0×10⁴ CFU/mL)，实验周期为10周。复合乳杆菌的成分为干酪乳杆菌和酸鱼乳杆菌，比例为1:2.2。监测池塘水质指标、罗非鱼肠道和鳃的免疫及抗氧化指标，并运用高通量测序技术(Illumina MiSeq)，比较对照组和实验组水体、底泥、尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃黏膜共生菌群落结构差异。结果显示，从第7周开始，实验组水体中的硝酸盐含量始终低于对照组，实验组比对照组降低了72.68%、72.00%、26.27%和21.46%；实验组水体中的总氮含量在从第6周开始低于对照组，分别降低了43.39%、44.64%、15.64%、37.57%和34.49%；实验组水样中的总磷含量从第4周开始低于对照组，分别降低了40.91%、33.33%、50.00%、33.33%、17.39%、39.29%和25.71%。与对照组相比，实验组尼罗罗非鱼肠道的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性提高了45.04%，实验组尼罗罗非鱼鳃的总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和AKP分别提高了58.26%和60.99%。复合乳杆菌的添加对尼罗罗非鱼养殖池塘水体菌群结构影响较大，并未影响池塘底泥的菌群结构，影响了尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃的菌群结构，其中条件致病菌不动杆菌属、泛菌属细菌的相对丰度降低，而有益细菌鲸杆菌属的相对丰度增加。因此，在养殖水体中泼洒适当浓度的复合乳杆菌可以改善池塘水质，提高尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃的免疫力、抗氧化能力，同时调节养殖水体、尼罗罗非鱼肠道和鳃的菌群结构。

To provide a basis for the application of Lactobacillus in the healthy aquaculture of tilapia, the effects of mixed culture of Lactobacillus as water additive on the environment of pond, and the health of intestine and gill of tilapia were studied. Mixed culture of Lactobacillus was added to the water of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pond (control group: 0; experimental group: with a final concentration of 1.0×10⁴ cfu/mL) for ten weeks. The components of mixed culture of Lactobacillus were Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus, with a 1:2.2 ratio. The water quality of pond, immune and antioxidant indexes of the intestine and gill of tilapia were monitored. High throughput sequencing technique (Illumina Miq) was used to compare the community structure of microbiota in water, sediment, intestine and gill mucosa of tilapia between the control and the experimental group. The results showed that the nitrate content in the water samples of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. From the seventh week, and the nitrate content in the water samples of the experimental group was 72.68% (P< 0.05), 72.00% (P>0.05), 26.27% (P>0.05) and 21.46% (P>0.05) lower than that of the control group, respectively. The total nitrogen content in the water samples of the experimental group was 43.39% (P>0.05), 44.64% (P>0.05), 15.64% (P>0.05), 37.57% (P>0.05) and 34.49% (P>0.05) lower than that of the control group from the sixth week, respectively. The total phosphorus content in the water samples of the experimental group was 40.91% (P>0.05), 33.33% (P>0.05), 50.00% (P>0.05), 33.33% (P>0.05), 17.39% (P>0.05), 39.29% (P< 0.05) and 25.71% (P>0.05) lower than that of the control group from the fourth week, respectively. Compared with the control group, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the intestine of tilapia in the experimental group increased by 45.04% (P< 0.05), and the total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and AKP in the gill of tilapia in the experimental group increased by 58.26% (P< 0.05) and 60.99% (P< 0.05), respectively. Mixed culture of Lactobacillus influenced the community structure of microbiota of pond water, but did not affect that of sediment. Microbiota of intestine and gill of tilapia were affected by the probiotics, among which, the conditional pathogens, Acinetobacter and Pantoea were decreased, while the beneficial bacteria, Cetobacterium was increased. Using mixed culture of Lactobacillus as water additive could improve water quality, the immunity and antioxidant capacity of intestine and gill of tilapia, and regulate the community structure of microbiota of intestine and gill of tilapia.

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现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-46)；广东省促进经济发展专项(粤农2019B3)；广州市科技计划(201904010304)