近十年来，中国开展了国家级水产种质资源保护区体系建设，已在包含湖泊、水库、河流、河口和海洋等不同水域先后建成523处保护区。根据国土类型、水域类型、地理分区、行政区划、水系或海域划分等对国家级水产种质资源保护区进行统计分析，表明现有国家级水产种质资源保护区存在水域类型分配、空间布局和主要保护对象设置等方面的不足。内陆水域保护区数量远多于海域保护区数量，而河流型保护区平均面积则显著小于海洋型保护区平均面积，各类型保护区布局有待优化；内陆水域水产种质资源保护区主要分布在中东部以及长江、黄河、黑龙江、淮河、珠江等流域，西南和华南地区相关水系分布较少，保护区空间分布有待改善；黄颡鱼、鳜、翘嘴鲌、鲤、中华鳖等物种被30处以上保护区设为主要保护对象，尚有69种国家级重点保护经济水生动植物未被国家级水产种质资源保护区作为主要保护对象，保护区主要保护对象设置的合理性有待加强。国家级水产种质资源保护区总体上经历了“从无到有、从有到多”的过程。面对生态文明建设的新形势和新要求，国家级保护区建设必须从数量增长型向质量优化型转变。对存在的不足，需要研究与水产种质资源保护相适应的管理对策，制定发展规划与生态红线，达到资源保护与利用的协调发展，以实现国家级水产种质资源保护区的优质、健康发展。

In the past decade, the system of national aquatic germplasm reserves was constructed in China, and over 500 national aquatic germplasm reserves were established in different water type areas. In order to optimize reserve management, we analyzed the distribution pattern of national aquatic germplasm reserves within the water type geographical distribution and key protected species. The following general problems occurred during the construction and management of the reserves. 1) The water type pattern of these reserves was not fully reasonable. The number of inland water reserves were far more than sea reserves, while the mean area of inland water reserves were obviously smaller than sea reserves. 2) There were too few reserves in some basins so that the deficiencies for protecting species occurred, such as some rivers in Southwestern China and Southern China. 3) It was lack of systematic investigation to ensure the list of key protected species. Pelteobagrus fulvidraco was listed as key protected species in 70 reserves, while there were 69 national protected aquatic species excluded from the key protected species list. We should develop a comprehensive plan for aquatic germplasm reserve construction and management, based on a systematic investigation and research, in order to realize the protection and sustainable utilization of aquatic germplasm resources.

公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201203086-07）；中国长江三峡集团公司资助