This review takes the fishery-photovoltaic complementary system (FPS) as the research object. It deeply probes into its current development status and future trends at home and abroad. Also, it systematically assesses its potential advantages in tackling climate change, optimizing the energy structure, and boosting aquaculture efficiency. Through literature analysis and summary induction, this study systematically combs through the models of the fishery-photovoltaic complementary system, its adaptability to the aquatic environment, and the interaction mechanisms with aquaculture activities. Summary of findings reveal that the fishery-photovoltaic complementary system, as an innovative combination mode of energy and aquaculture, can not only effectively utilize spatial resources to realize the dual-functional realization of power generation and aquaculture, but also positively contribute to the reduction of water evaporation, the cooling of photovoltaic components, and the conservation of land resources. However, at present, the system still faces many challenges in the mechanisms of environmental impact, the durability of photovoltaic components, and the synergy with fishery activities. The review suggests that in the future, basic research should be strengthened. Project site selection and layout should be optimized. Ecological protection and professional management should be given priority. And relevant policies and standards should be perfected. All these measures are aimed at promoting the sustainable development of the fishery-photovoltaic complementary system.