Edwardsiella piscicida is widely found in the aquatic environment. It infects various economic fish and causes high mortality diseases, seriously threatening the aquaculture industry. The pathogenic mechanism of this pathogen is complex, involving various virulence factors and regulatory systems. The problem of drug resistance of E. piscicida is prominent, and prevention and control are facing particular challenges. Vaccines and antibiotics are the main means of prevention and control, but there are limitations. Probiotics and Chinese herbal medicines, as green prevention and control methods for aquaculture, show the potential to inhibit bacteria and enhance immunity. In the future, it is necessary to study the pathogenic mechanism of the bacteria further and develop new vaccines and prevention and control technologies to deal with the harm of E. piscicida. In this paper, the biological characteristics, pathogenicity and epidemic characteristics, pathogenic mechanism, virulence factors, virulence-related regulatory systems and prevention and control techniques of E. piscicida were comprehensively summarized, which provided reference materials for dealing with the harm of E. piscicida to aquaculture.