A comparison study of the muscle nutritive composition and quality between the new selected strain of Macrobrachium rosenbergii,“South Tailake No.2” and the non-selected population was carried out.The results showed that there was no significant difference of the crude ash content between the “South Tailake No.2” and the non-selected population(P>0.05).The muscle crude protein of the “South Tailake No.2” was significantly higher than that of the non-selected population(P＜0.05),and muscle crude fat and moisture were significantly lower(P＜0.05); Muscle amino acid profiles were basically similar between the “South Tailake No.2” and non-selected population by analyzing 17 amino acids,which were in accordance with the FAO/ WHO Standard.Significantly higher levels of total amino acids,total essential amino acids(EAA)and total amino acids relating to taste in the muscle of the “South Tailake No.2” were observed compared with those of the nonselected population(P＜0.05).Based on the nutritional evaluation by amino acids score(AAS)and chemical score(CS),isoleucine was identified as it first limiting amino acid; Of muscle fatty acids profile,the percentages of total polyunsatured fatty acids(PUFA)and EPA DHA of the “South Tailake No.2”were 41.34%?0.54% and 28.09%?0.45% respectively.The percentages of total PUFA,EPA DHA and total ω₃PUFA of the “South Tailake No.2” were significantly higher than those of the non-selected population(P＜0.05),while the percentage of total ω₆PUFA was not of significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).In conclusion,the nutritive quality of the “South Tailake No.2” is more favorable,which is intrinsic to genetic factors.Thus muscle quality improvement of Macrobrachium rosenbergii by family selection seems feasible.